• br Conflict of interest statement

  2024-11-28

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgments Introduction Cellular responses to genotoxic stress in eukaryotic cells are coordinated by members of the phosphoinositide kinase related protein kinase (PIKK) family. Two members of this family, Ataxia–Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and

• Cerebral ischemia occurs following the occlusion of a cerebr

  2024-11-28

  

  Cerebral ischemia occurs following the occlusion of a cerebral artery by a thrombus and causes cell swelling due to cytotoxic edema and BBB disruption with vasogenic edema (Loreto and Reggio, 2010, Nakaji et al., 2006, Shibata et al., 2004). Vasogenic edema is directly linked to alteration of the BB

• A third motif involves the toggle switch and

  2024-11-28

  

  A third motif involves the toggle switch and consists of the conserved FxxCWxP sequence in TM6 of class A GPCRs (Hofmann et al., 2009, Rosenbaum et al., 2009). Rotamerization of Trp in combination with a kink caused by Pro facilitates the outward movement of TM6 upon activation (Hofmann et al., 2009

• nucleoside transporters In this review we will present

  2024-11-28

  

  In this review, we will present the traditional and actual strategies to study orphan receptors and identify their ligands. An extensive description of the orphan GPCR field has been published in 2013 by Davenport et al. [22]. Therefore, we will focus on the deorphanizations that were reported since

• Expression subcellular localization transcriptional activity

  2024-11-28

  

  Expression, subcellular localization, transcriptional activity and protein stability of Foxo are regulated by proteins such as STAT3, PKB, JNK and AMPK (Sun et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2011). STAT3 is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family that plays c

• Phenolic compounds show reciprocal relationship with colonic

  2024-11-28

  

  Phenolic compounds show reciprocal relationship with colonic microflora. Phenolic compounds are able to improve colonic health and modulate microbiota diversity with prebiotic and antimicrobial functions, while colonic bacterial enzymes catalyze deconjugation, dehydroxylation, and convert phenolic c

• The renin angiotensin system RAS is a hormonal

  2024-11-28

  

  The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal system which plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure and body fluid Gefitinib [14]. The main bioactive peptide of RAS is angiotensin II (Ang II) whose biological functions are interposed through angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and angiote

• Akt is another upstream kinase

  2024-11-28

  

  Akt is another upstream kinase known to phosphorylate AMPK Ser489 in response to high insulin levels [7], [21]. HepG2 Temsirolimus show an increase in phosphorylation of AMPK at Ser485 when incubated with either insulin or troglitazone individually (Fig. 5A and C). Despite this concurrent increase,

• Some members from the AAAP family namely the AUX and

  2024-11-28

  

  Some members from the AAAP family, namely the AUX1 and the LAX proteins, transport auxin instead of amino acids [48]. While there is some structural relationship between IAA and Trp, the substrate recognition characteristics seem different for these proteins: the auxins do not have any amino group o

• br Discussion Missense mutations transversions

  2024-11-28

  

  Discussion Missense mutations (transversions) of the first nucleotide of the phenylalanine (-)-Bicuculline methiodide at position 1174 (F1174) of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene can result in substitutions to leucine or valine (F1174L/V) while missense mutation (transversion) of the second n

• Targeted disruption of the Akt

  2024-11-28

  

  Targeted disruption of the Akt1 gene in mice induces a growth retardation phenotype [4,19]. Akt2 KO mice reveal mild growth retardation and insulin resistance [4,20,21]. Akt1/2 double KO (DKO) mice display severe growth deficiency and die shortly after birth. These mice exhibit impaired bone and ski

• The literature suggests that adiponectin

  2024-11-28

  

  The literature suggests that adiponectin has a steroidogenic effect on ovarian function. In pigs, in vitro studies have shown that adiponectin reduced basal testosterone secretion in internal theca cells; in granulosa cells, it increased secretion of estradiol and, in combination with insulin, incre

• Role of APPL in endosomal

  2024-11-28

  

  Role of APPL in endosomal signaling pathways Endosomes consist of distinct membrane subdomains within individual organelles and assist in the translation of extracellular stimuli via cytoplasmic transduction cascades to the nucleus [3], [74]. Endosomal abnormalities are associated with the pathogen

• Lipotoxicity is the accumulation of excess lipids in non adi

  2024-11-28

  

  Lipotoxicity is the accumulation of excess lipids in non-adipose tissues that leads to cell dysfunction or cell death. It may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, and contributes to the rate of progression of CKD [7,8]. Emerging evidence indicates that renal lipid dysregulation is

• The A b action occurs in conditions where high concentration

  2024-11-27

  

  The A2b action occurs in conditions where high concentrations of adenosine is generated, so its blockage does not interfere with other physiological processes mediated by adenosine and others AR [105]. Furthermore the A3 receptor was shown to have pro-apoptotic effects on tumor lines of breast, lung

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